element带选择表格将表头的复选框改成文字的实现代码

<el-table
    ref="multipleTable"
    :data="tableData"
    :header-cell-class-name="cellclass"
    style="width: 100%">
    <el-table-column
      type="selection">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      label="日期"
      width="120">
      <template slot-scope="scope">{{ scope.row.date }}</template>
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="name"
      label="姓名"
      width="120">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="address"
      label="地址"
      >
    </el-table-column>
  </el-table>

data() {
      return {
        tableData: [{
          date: '2016-05-03',
          name: '王小虎',
          address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1518 弄'
        }, {
          date: '2016-05-02',
          name: '王小虎',
          address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1518 弄'
        }],
        multipleSelection: []
      }
    },
    methods: {
      cellclass(row){
        if(row.columnIndex===0){
          return 'DisabledSelection'
        }
      }
    }

.el-table /deep/.DisabledSelection .cell .el-checkbox__inner{
  display:none;
  position:relative;
}
.el-table /deep/.DisabledSelection .cell:before{
  content:"选择";
  position:absolute;
  right 11px;
}

<el-table
    ref="multipleTable"
    :data="tableData"
    style="width: 100%"
    @selection-change="handleSelectionChange">
    <el-table-column label-class-name="DisabledSelection"
      type="selection">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      label="日期"
      width="120">
      <template slot-scope="scope">{{ scope.row.date }}</template>
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="name"
      label="姓名"
      width="120">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="address"
      label="地址"
      show-overflow-tooltip>
    </el-table-column>
  </el-table>

.el-table /deep/.DisabledSelection .cell .el-checkbox__inner{
  display:none;
  position:relative;
}
.el-table /deep/.DisabledSelection .cell:before{
  content:"选择";
  position:absolute;
  right 11px;
}

<el-table
    ref="multipleTable"
    :data="tableData"
    style="width: 100%"
    @selection-change="handleSelectionChange">
    <el-table-column
      type="selection">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      label="日期"
      width="120">
      <template slot-scope="scope">{{ scope.row.date }}</template>
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="name"
      label="姓名"
      width="120">
    </el-table-column>
    <el-table-column
      prop="address"
      label="地址"
      show-overflow-tooltip>
    </el-table-column>
  </el-table>

mounted(){
  this.$nextTick(()=>{
    this.init();
  })
},
methods: {
  init(){
  document.querySelector(".el-checkbox__inner").style.display="none";
  document.querySelector(".cell").innerHTML = '选择'      
      }
}

<el-table
      :data="tableData"
      style="width: 100%">
      <el-table-column
        prop="date"
        label="选择"
        width="50">
        <template slot-scope="scope">
          <el-checkbox></el-checkbox></template>
      </el-table-column>
      <el-table-column
        prop="name"
        label="姓名"
        width="180">
      </el-table-column>
      <el-table-column
        prop="address"
        label="地址">
      </el-table-column>
    </el-table>

.el-table__header .el-table-column--selection .cell .el-checkbox {
  display:none
}
.el-table__header .el-table-column--selection .cell:before {
  content: "选择";
}