使用PSSH批量管理Linux服务器

pssh是一款开源的软件，使用python实现，用于批量ssh操作大批量机器；pssh是一个可以在多台服务器上执行命令的工具，同时支持拷贝文件，是同类工具中很出色的；比起for循环的做法，我更推荐使用pssh！使用pssh的前提是：必须在本机与其他服务器上配置好密钥认证访问（即ssh信任关系）。

下面就说下使用pssh进行批量操作的记录：

1）安装pssh
可以yum直接安装：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# yum install -y pssh

2）pssh用法

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pssh --help


-h 执行命令的远程主机列表文件
-H user@ip:port 文件内容格式[user@]host[:port]
-l 远程机器的用户名
-p 一次最大允许多少连接
-o 输出内容重定向到一个文件
-e 执行错误重定向到一个文件
-t 设置命令执行的超时时间
-A 提示输入密码并且把密码传递给ssh（注意这个参数添加后只是提示作用，随便输入或者不输入直接回车都可以）
-O 设置ssh参数的具体配置，参照ssh_config配置文件
-x 传递多个SSH 命令，多个命令用空格分开，用引号括起来
-X 同-x 但是一次只能传递一个命令
-i 显示标准输出和标准错误在每台host执行完毕后
-I 读取每个输入命令，并传递给ssh进程 允许命令脚本传送到标准输入

3）pssh实例说明

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# cat hosts.txt    //列表文件内的信息格式是“ip:端口”，如果本机和远程机器使用的ssh端口一致，则可以省去端口，直接用ip就行。不过建议还是将端口都带上为好。
192.168.1.101:22
192.168.1.109:22
192.168.1.118:25791
192.168.1.105:25791
如上四台机器放在一个列表文件hosts.txt内，本机已经和这四台机器做了ssh无密码登陆的信任关系
注意：列表文件内的机器必须提前和本机做好ssh信任关系，如果没有做的话，那么pssh批量执行时，轮到这台没有做信任关系的机器时就不会执行。

a）批量执行命令

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pssh -h hosts.txt -l root -i 'uptime'
[1] 16:05:48 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
03:03:25 up 79 days, 13:44, 0 users, load average: 0.04, 0.01, 0.00
[2] 16:05:48 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
03:03:32 up 75 days, 15:27, 4 users, load average: 0.96, 0.74, 0.45
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.118 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[3] 16:05:48 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
03:03:25 up 61 days, 21:56, 2 users, load average: 0.02, 0.06, 0.18
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.102 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[4] 16:05:48 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
16:03:17 up 35 days, 23:45, 1 user, load average: 0.03, 0.04, 0.01
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.101 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!

如果添加-A参数，那么即使提前做了ssh信任关系，还是会提示输入密码！

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pssh -h hosts.txt -l root -i -A 'uptime'
Warning: do not enter your password if anyone else has superuser
privileges or access to your account.
Password:                          //注意这个参数添加后只是提示作用，可以在此随便输入或者不输入直接回车都可以
[1] 16:08:25 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
03:06:03 up 79 days, 13:46, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
[2] 16:08:25 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
03:06:03 up 61 days, 21:59, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.04, 0.15
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.102 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[3] 16:08:25 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
16:05:54 up 35 days, 23:47, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.00
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.101 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[4] 16:08:25 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
03:06:10 up 75 days, 15:29, 4 users, load average: 0.85, 0.78, 0.51
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.118 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pssh -h hosts.txt -l root -i -t 10 -o /root/pssh.log 'uptime && date'
[1] 17:01:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
03:58:33 up 79 days, 5:58, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Wed Feb 8 03:58:33 EST 2017
[2] 17:01:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
03:58:40 up 79 days, 14:39, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Wed Feb 8 03:58:40 EST 2017
[3] 17:01:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
16:58:31 up 36 days, 40 min, 1 user, load average: 0.10, 0.03, 0.01
Wed Feb 8 16:58:31 CST 2017
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.101 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[4] 17:01:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
03:58:47 up 75 days, 16:22, 3 users, load average: 0.20, 0.21, 0.31
Wed Feb 8 03:58:47 EST 2017
Stderr: Address 192.168.1.118 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll /root/pssh.log/
total 16
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Feb 8 17:01 192.168.1.101
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 99 Feb 8 17:01 192.168.1.105
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 99 Feb 8 17:01 192.168.1.109
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Feb 8 17:01 192.168.1.118

b）批量上传文件或目录（pscp.pssh命令）
批量上传本地文件/mnt/test.file到远程服务器上的/tmp目录：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt /mnt/test.file /tmp/
[1] 16:18:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[2] 16:18:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[3] 16:18:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:18:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

批量上传本地文件/mnt/test.file、/mnt/aa.file、/mnt/bb.file到远程服务器上的/tmp目录：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt /mnt/test.file /mnt/aa.file /mnt/bb.file /tmp/
[1] 16:22:50 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:22:50 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:22:50 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[4] 16:22:50 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101

或者：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt /mnt/{test.file,aa.file,bb.file} /tmp/
[1] 16:23:44 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:23:44 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:23:44 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:23:44 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

批量上传本地目录/mnt/zhong到远程服务器上的/tmp目录（上传目录需要添加-r参数）：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt -r /mnt/zhong /tmp/
[1] 16:19:36 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:19:36 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:19:36 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:19:36 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

批量上传本地目录/mnt/zhong、/mnt/aa、/mnt/vv到远程服务器上的/tmp目录

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt -r /mnt/zhong /mnt/aa /mnt/vv /tmp/
[1] 16:21:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[2] 16:21:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[3] 16:21:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:21:02 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

或者：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pscp.pssh -l root -h hosts.txt -r /mnt/{zhong,aa,vv} /tmp/
[1] 16:22:00 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:22:00 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:22:00 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:22:00 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

c）批量下载文件或目录（pslurp命令）
批量下载服务器上的某文件到本地，不用担心重名问题，因为pssh已经建立了以文件列表内的ip为名称的目录来存放下载的文件：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pslurp -l root -h hosts.txt /etc/hosts .
[1] 16:32:01 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:32:01 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:32:01 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:32:01 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll
total 123
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:32 192.168.1.101
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:32 192.168.1.105
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:32 192.168.1.109
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:32 192.168.1.118
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll 192.168.1.101
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 224 Feb 8 16:32 hosts
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll 192.168.1.109
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 252 Feb 8 16:32 hosts
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll 192.168.1.105
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 252 Feb 8 16:32 hosts
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# ll 192.168.1.118
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 212 Feb 8 16:32 hosts

另外特别注意：
上面的批量下载操作，只能下载到本地的当前目录下，不能在命令中跟指定的路径：

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pslurp -l root -h hosts.txt /etc/hosts /mnt/
[1] 16:34:14 [FAILURE] 192.168.1.109 Exited with error code 1
[2] 16:34:14 [FAILURE] 192.168.1.105 Exited with error code 1
[3] 16:34:14 [FAILURE] 192.168.1.101 Exited with error code 1
[4] 16:34:14 [FAILURE] 192.168.1.118 Exited with error code 1

要想下载到本机的/mnt目录下，正确的做法是先切换到/mnt目录下，然后再执行下载命令：（列表文件要跟全路径）

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# cd /mnt/
[root@bastion-IDC mnt]# pslurp -l root -h /root/hosts.txt /etc/hosts ./
[1] 16:34:34 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:34:34 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:34:34 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[4] 16:34:34 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[root@bastion-IDC mnt]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:34 192.168.1.101
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:34 192.168.1.105
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:34 192.168.1.109
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:34 192.168.1.118

上面是批量下载文件，要是批量下载目录，只需要添加一个-r参数即可！

[root@bastion-IDC mnt]# pslurp -l root -h /root/hosts.txt -r /home/ ./
[1] 16:39:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:39:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:39:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:39:05 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[root@bastion-IDC mnt]# ll 192.168.1.101
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:39 home
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 224 Feb 8 16:38 hosts
[root@bastion-IDC mnt]# ll 192.168.1.*
192.168.1.101:
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:39 home
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 224 Feb 8 16:38 hosts
192.168.1.105:
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:39 home
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 252 Feb 8 16:38 hosts
192.168.1.109:
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:39 home
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 252 Feb 8 16:38 hosts
192.168.1.118:
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Feb 8 16:39 home
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 212 Feb 8 16:38 hosts

d）批量同步（prsync命令）
同步本机/mnt/test目录下的文件或目录到远程机器的/mnt/test路径下

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# prsync -l root -h hosts.txt -r /mnt/test/ /mnt/test/
[1] 16:46:41 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:46:41 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:46:41 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[4] 16:46:41 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101

同步本机/mnt/test目录下的文件或目录到远程机器的/mnt路径下

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# prsync -l root -h hosts.txt -r /mnt/test/ /mnt/
[1] 16:47:40 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:47:40 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:47:45 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:47:46 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

注意：
上面批量同步目录操作是将本机对应目录数据同步到远程机器上，远程机器上对于目录下多余的文件也会保留（不会删除多余文件）

同理，批量同步文件操作，去掉-r参数，
注意：同步文件的时候，其实就是完全覆盖，远程机器对应文件内的文件会被全部替换！
如下：
同步本机的/mnt/test/file文件内容到远程服务器/mnt/test/file文件内

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# prsync -l root -h hosts.txt /mnt/test/file /mnt/test/file
[1] 16:53:54 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:53:54 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:53:54 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:53:54 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[root@bastion-IDC ~]# prsync -l root -h hosts.txt /mnt/test/file /mnt/aaa
[1] 16:54:03 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 16:54:03 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 16:54:03 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101
[4] 16:54:04 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118

e）批量kill远程机器上的进程（pnuke命令）
比如批量kill掉远程机器上的nginx进程

[root@bastion-IDC ~]# pnuke -h hosts.txt -l root nginx
[1] 17:09:14 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.109
[2] 17:09:14 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.105
[3] 17:09:15 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.118
[4] 17:09:15 [SUCCESS] 192.168.1.101