前言

Redis作为缓存使用时,一些场景下要考虑内存的空间消耗问题。Redis会删除过期键以释放空间,过期键的删除策略有两种:

  • 惰性删除:每次从键空间中获取键时,都检查取得的键是否过期,如果过期的话,就删除该键;如果没有过期,就返回该键。
  • 定期删除:每隔一段时间,程序就对数据库进行一次检查,删除里面的过期键。

另外,Redis也可以开启LRU功能来自动淘汰一些键值对。

LRU算法

当需要从缓存中淘汰数据时,我们希望能淘汰那些将来不可能再被使用的数据,保留那些将来还会频繁访问的数据,但最大的问题是缓存并不能预言未来。一个解决方法就是通过LRU进行预测:最近被频繁访问的数据将来被访问的可能性也越大。缓存中的数据一般会有这样的访问分布:一部分数据拥有绝大部分的访问量。当访问模式很少改变时,可以记录每个数据的最后一次访问时间,拥有最少空闲时间的数据可以被认为将来最有可能被访问到。

举例如下的访问模式,A每5s访问一次,B每2s访问一次,C与D每10s访问一次,|代表计算空闲时间的截止点:

~~~~~A~~~~~A~~~~~A~~~~A~~~~~A~~~~~A~~|
~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~~B~|
~~~~~~~~~~C~~~~~~~~~C~~~~~~~~~C~~~~~~|
~~~~~D~~~~~~~~~~D~~~~~~~~~D~~~~~~~~~D|

可以看到,LRU对于A、B、C工作的很好,完美预测了将来被访问到的概率B>A>C,但对于D却预测了最少的空闲时间。

但是,总体来说,LRU算法已经是一个性能足够好的算法了

LRU配置参数

Redis配置中和LRU有关的有三个:

  • maxmemory: 配置Redis存储数据时指定限制的内存大小,比如100m。当缓存消耗的内存超过这个数值时, 将触发数据淘汰。该数据配置为0时,表示缓存的数据量没有限制, 即LRU功能不生效。64位的系统默认值为0,32位的系统默认内存限制为3GB
  • maxmemory_policy: 触发数据淘汰后的淘汰策略
  • maxmemory_samples: 随机采样的精度,也就是随即取出key的数目。该数值配置越大, 越接近于真实的LRU算法,但是数值越大,相应消耗也变高,对性能有一定影响,样本值默认为5。

淘汰策略

淘汰策略即maxmemory_policy的赋值有以下几种:

  • noeviction:如果缓存数据超过了maxmemory限定值,并且客户端正在执行的命令(大部分的写入指令,但DEL和几个指令例外)会导致内存分配,则向客户端返回错误响应
  • allkeys-lru: 对所有的键都采取LRU淘汰
  • volatile-lru: 仅对设置了过期时间的键采取LRU淘汰
  • allkeys-random: 随机回收所有的键
  • volatile-random: 随机回收设置过期时间的键
  • volatile-ttl: 仅淘汰设置了过期时间的键---淘汰生存时间TTL(Time To Live)更小的键

volatile-lru, volatile-random和volatile-ttl这三个淘汰策略使用的不是全量数据,有可能无法淘汰出足够的内存空间。在没有过期键或者没有设置超时属性的键的情况下,这三种策略和noeviction差不多。

一般的经验规则:

  • 使用allkeys-lru策略:当预期请求符合一个幂次分布(二八法则等),比如一部分的子集元素比其它其它元素被访问的更多时,可以选择这个策略。
  • 使用allkeys-random:循环连续的访问所有的键时,或者预期请求分布平均(所有元素被访问的概率都差不多)
  • 使用volatile-ttl:要采取这个策略,缓存对象的TTL值最好有差异

volatile-lru 和 volatile-random策略,当你想要使用单一的Redis实例来同时实现缓存淘汰和持久化一些经常使用的键集合时很有用。未设置过期时间的键进行持久化保存,设置了过期时间的键参与缓存淘汰。不过一般运行两个实例是解决这个问题的更好方法。

为键设置过期时间也是需要消耗内存的,所以使用allkeys-lru这种策略更加节省空间,因为这种策略下可以不为键设置过期时间。

近似LRU算法

我们知道,LRU算法需要一个双向链表来记录数据的最近被访问顺序,但是出于节省内存的考虑,Redis的LRU算法并非完整的实现。Redis并不会选择最久未被访问的键进行回收,相反它会尝试运行一个近似LRU的算法,通过对少量键进行取样,然后回收其中的最久未被访问的键。通过调整每次回收时的采样数量maxmemory-samples,可以实现调整算法的精度。

根据Redis作者的说法,每个Redis Object可以挤出24 bits的空间,但24 bits是不够存储两个指针的,而存储一个低位时间戳是足够的,Redis Object以秒为单位存储了对象新建或者更新时的unix time,也就是LRU clock,24 bits数据要溢出的话需要194天,而缓存的数据更新非常频繁,已经足够了。

Redis的键空间是放在一个哈希表中的,要从所有的键中选出一个最久未被访问的键,需要另外一个数据结构存储这些源信息,这显然不划算。最初,Redis只是随机的选3个key,然后从中淘汰,后来算法改进到了N个key的策略,默认是5个。

Redis3.0之后又改善了算法的性能,会提供一个待淘汰候选key的pool,里面默认有16个key,按照空闲时间排好序。更新时从Redis键空间随机选择N个key,分别计算它们的空闲时间idle,key只会在pool不满或者空闲时间大于pool里最小的时,才会进入pool,然后从pool中选择空闲时间最大的key淘汰掉。

真实LRU算法与近似LRU的算法可以通过下面的图像对比:

浅灰色带是已经被淘汰的对象,灰色带是没有被淘汰的对象,绿色带是新添加的对象。可以看出,maxmemory-samples值为5时Redis 3.0效果比Redis 2.8要好。使用10个采样大小的Redis 3.0的近似LRU算法已经非常接近理论的性能了。

数据访问模式非常接近幂次分布时,也就是大部分的访问集中于部分键时,LRU近似算法会处理得很好。

在模拟实验的过程中,我们发现如果使用幂次分布的访问模式,真实LRU算法和近似LRU算法几乎没有差别。

LRU源码分析

Redis中的键与值都是redisObject对象:

typedef struct redisObject {
 unsigned type:4;
 unsigned encoding:4;
 unsigned lru:LRU_BITS; /* LRU time (relative to global lru_clock) or
       * LFU data (least significant 8 bits frequency
       * and most significant 16 bits access time). */
 int refcount;
 void *ptr;
} robj;

unsigned的低24 bits的lru记录了redisObj的LRU time。

Redis命令访问缓存的数据时,均会调用函数lookupKey:

robj *lookupKey(redisDb *db, robj *key, int flags) {
 dictEntry *de = dictFind(db->dict,key->ptr);
 if (de) {
  robj *val = dictGetVal(de);

  /* Update the access time for the ageing algorithm.
   * Don't do it if we have a saving child, as this will trigger
   * a copy on write madness. */
  if (server.rdb_child_pid == -1 &&
   server.aof_child_pid == -1 &&
   !(flags & LOOKUP_NOTOUCH))
  {
   if (server.maxmemory_policy & MAXMEMORY_FLAG_LFU) {
    updateLFU(val);
   } else {
    val->lru = LRU_CLOCK();
   }
  }
  return val;
 } else {
  return NULL;
 }
}

该函数在策略为LRU(非LFU)时会更新对象的lru值, 设置为LRU_CLOCK()值:

/* Return the LRU clock, based on the clock resolution. This is a time
 * in a reduced-bits format that can be used to set and check the
 * object->lru field of redisObject structures. */
unsigned int getLRUClock(void) {
 return (mstime()/LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION) & LRU_CLOCK_MAX;
}

/* This function is used to obtain the current LRU clock.
 * If the current resolution is lower than the frequency we refresh the
 * LRU clock (as it should be in production servers) we return the
 * precomputed value, otherwise we need to resort to a system call. */
unsigned int LRU_CLOCK(void) {
 unsigned int lruclock;
 if (1000/server.hz <= LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION) {
  atomicGet(server.lruclock,lruclock);
 } else {
  lruclock = getLRUClock();
 }
 return lruclock;
}

LRU_CLOCK()取决于LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION(默认值1000),LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION代表了LRU算法的精度,即一个LRU的单位是多长。server.hz代表服务器刷新的频率,如果服务器的时间更新精度值比LRU的精度值要小,LRU_CLOCK()直接使用服务器的时间,减小开销。

Redis处理命令的入口是processCommand:

int processCommand(client *c) {

 /* Handle the maxmemory directive.
  *
  * Note that we do not want to reclaim memory if we are here re-entering
  * the event loop since there is a busy Lua script running in timeout
  * condition, to avoid mixing the propagation of scripts with the
  * propagation of DELs due to eviction. */
 if (server.maxmemory && !server.lua_timedout) {
  int out_of_memory = freeMemoryIfNeededAndSafe() == C_ERR;
  /* freeMemoryIfNeeded may flush slave output buffers. This may result
   * into a slave, that may be the active client, to be freed. */
  if (server.current_client == NULL) return C_ERR;

  /* It was impossible to free enough memory, and the command the client
   * is trying to execute is denied during OOM conditions or the client
   * is in MULTI/EXEC context"htmlcode">
int freeMemoryIfNeeded(void) {
 /* By default replicas should ignore maxmemory
  * and just be masters exact copies. */
 if (server.masterhost && server.repl_slave_ignore_maxmemory) return C_OK;

 size_t mem_reported, mem_tofree, mem_freed;
 mstime_t latency, eviction_latency;
 long long delta;
 int slaves = listLength(server.slaves);

 /* When clients are paused the dataset should be static not just from the
  * POV of clients not being able to write, but also from the POV of
  * expires and evictions of keys not being performed. */
 if (clientsArePaused()) return C_OK;
 if (getMaxmemoryState(&mem_reported,NULL,&mem_tofree,NULL) == C_OK)
  return C_OK;

 mem_freed = 0;

 if (server.maxmemory_policy == MAXMEMORY_NO_EVICTION)
  goto cant_free; /* We need to free memory, but policy forbids. */

 latencyStartMonitor(latency);
 while (mem_freed < mem_tofree) {
  int j, k, i, keys_freed = 0;
  static unsigned int next_db = 0;
  sds bestkey = NULL;
  int bestdbid;
  redisDb *db;
  dict *dict;
  dictEntry *de;

  if (server.maxmemory_policy & (MAXMEMORY_FLAG_LRU|MAXMEMORY_FLAG_LFU) ||
   server.maxmemory_policy == MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_TTL)
  {
   struct evictionPoolEntry *pool = EvictionPoolLRU;

   while(bestkey == NULL) {
    unsigned long total_keys = 0, keys;

    /* We don't want to make local-db choices when expiring keys,
     * so to start populate the eviction pool sampling keys from
     * every DB. */
    for (i = 0; i < server.dbnum; i++) {
     db = server.db+i;
     dict = (server.maxmemory_policy & MAXMEMORY_FLAG_ALLKEYS) "eviction-del",eviction_latency);
   latencyRemoveNestedEvent(latency,eviction_latency);
   delta -= (long long) zmalloc_used_memory();
   mem_freed += delta;
   server.stat_evictedkeys++;
   notifyKeyspaceEvent(NOTIFY_EVICTED, "evicted",
    keyobj, db->id);
   decrRefCount(keyobj);
   keys_freed++;

   /* When the memory to free starts to be big enough, we may
    * start spending so much time here that is impossible to
    * deliver data to the slaves fast enough, so we force the
    * transmission here inside the loop. */
   if (slaves) flushSlavesOutputBuffers();

   /* Normally our stop condition is the ability to release
    * a fixed, pre-computed amount of memory. However when we
    * are deleting objects in another thread, it's better to
    * check, from time to time, if we already reached our target
    * memory, since the "mem_freed" amount is computed only
    * across the dbAsyncDelete() call, while the thread can
    * release the memory all the time. */
   if (server.lazyfree_lazy_eviction && !(keys_freed % 16)) {
    if (getMaxmemoryState(NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL) == C_OK) {
     /* Let's satisfy our stop condition. */
     mem_freed = mem_tofree;
    }
   }
  }

  if (!keys_freed) {
   latencyEndMonitor(latency);
   latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("eviction-cycle",latency);
   goto cant_free; /* nothing to free... */
  }
 }
 latencyEndMonitor(latency);
 latencyAddSampleIfNeeded("eviction-cycle",latency);
 return C_OK;

cant_free:
 /* We are here if we are not able to reclaim memory. There is only one
  * last thing we can try: check if the lazyfree thread has jobs in queue
  * and wait... */
 while(bioPendingJobsOfType(BIO_LAZY_FREE)) {
  if (((mem_reported - zmalloc_used_memory()) + mem_freed) >= mem_tofree)
   break;
  usleep(1000);
 }
 return C_ERR;
}

/* This is a wrapper for freeMemoryIfNeeded() that only really calls the
 * function if right now there are the conditions to do so safely:
 *
 * - There must be no script in timeout condition.
 * - Nor we are loading data right now.
 *
 */
int freeMemoryIfNeededAndSafe(void) {
 if (server.lua_timedout || server.loading) return C_OK;
 return freeMemoryIfNeeded();
}

几种淘汰策略maxmemory_policy就是在这个函数里面实现的。

当采用LRU时,可以看到,从0号数据库开始(默认16个),根据不同的策略,选择redisDb的dict(全部键)或者expires(有过期时间的键),用来更新候选键池子pool,pool更新策略是evictionPoolPopulate:

void evictionPoolPopulate(int dbid, dict *sampledict, dict *keydict, struct evictionPoolEntry *pool) {
 int j, k, count;
 dictEntry *samples[server.maxmemory_samples];

 count = dictGetSomeKeys(sampledict,samples,server.maxmemory_samples);
 for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
  unsigned long long idle;
  sds key;
  robj *o;
  dictEntry *de;

  de = samples[j];
  key = dictGetKey(de);

  /* If the dictionary we are sampling from is not the main
   * dictionary (but the expires one) we need to lookup the key
   * again in the key dictionary to obtain the value object. */
  if (server.maxmemory_policy != MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_TTL) {
   if (sampledict != keydict) de = dictFind(keydict, key);
   o = dictGetVal(de);
  }

  /* Calculate the idle time according to the policy. This is called
   * idle just because the code initially handled LRU, but is in fact
   * just a score where an higher score means better candidate. */
  if (server.maxmemory_policy & MAXMEMORY_FLAG_LRU) {
   idle = estimateObjectIdleTime(o);
  } else if (server.maxmemory_policy & MAXMEMORY_FLAG_LFU) {
   /* When we use an LRU policy, we sort the keys by idle time
    * so that we expire keys starting from greater idle time.
    * However when the policy is an LFU one, we have a frequency
    * estimation, and we want to evict keys with lower frequency
    * first. So inside the pool we put objects using the inverted
    * frequency subtracting the actual frequency to the maximum
    * frequency of 255. */
   idle = 255-LFUDecrAndReturn(o);
  } else if (server.maxmemory_policy == MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_TTL) {
   /* In this case the sooner the expire the better. */
   idle = ULLONG_MAX - (long)dictGetVal(de);
  } else {
   serverPanic("Unknown eviction policy in evictionPoolPopulate()");
  }

  /* Insert the element inside the pool.
   * First, find the first empty bucket or the first populated
   * bucket that has an idle time smaller than our idle time. */
  k = 0;
  while (k < EVPOOL_SIZE &&
    pool[k].key &&
    pool[k].idle < idle) k++;
  if (k == 0 && pool[EVPOOL_SIZE-1].key != NULL) {
   /* Can't insert if the element is < the worst element we have
    * and there are no empty buckets. */
   continue;
  } else if (k < EVPOOL_SIZE && pool[k].key == NULL) {
   /* Inserting into empty position. No setup needed before insert. */
  } else {
   /* Inserting in the middle. Now k points to the first element
    * greater than the element to insert. */
   if (pool[EVPOOL_SIZE-1].key == NULL) {
    /* Free space on the right"htmlcode">
/* Given an object returns the min number of milliseconds the object was never
 * requested, using an approximated LRU algorithm. */
unsigned long long estimateObjectIdleTime(robj *o) {
 unsigned long long lruclock = LRU_CLOCK();
 if (lruclock >= o->lru) {
  return (lruclock - o->lru) * LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION;
 } else {
  return (lruclock + (LRU_CLOCK_MAX - o->lru)) *
     LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION;
 }
}

空闲时间基本就是就是对象的lru和全局的LRU_CLOCK()的差值乘以精度LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION,将秒转化为了毫秒。

参考链接

  • Random notes on improving the Redis LRU algorithm
  • Using Redis as an LRU cache

总结

以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,谢谢大家对的支持。

标签:
redis,lru淘汰策略,redis策略,redis回收策略

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