Python中实现单例模式的n种方式和原理

from config import config
print(config.SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI)

# config.py
class Config:
  def __init__(self, SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI):
    self.SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI = SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI
config = Config("mysql://xxx")

# config.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Config:
    SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI = SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI
config = Config(SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI ="mysql://")

class Singleton(type):
  _instances = {}
  def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
    if cls not in cls._instances:
      cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
    return cls._instances[cls]
class Config(metaclass=Singleton):
  def __init__(self, SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI):
    self.SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI = SQLALCHEMY_DB_URI

class Singleton(object):
  _instance = None
  def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
    if not isinstance(class_._instance, class_):
      class_._instance = object.__new__(class_, *args, **kwargs)
    return class_._instance
class Config(Singleton, BaseClass):
  pass

def singleton(class_):
  class class_w(class_):
    _instance = None
    def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
      if class_w._instance is None:
        class_w._instance = super(class_w, class_).__new__(class_, *args, **kwargs)
        class_w._instance._sealed = False
      return class_w._instance
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
      if self._sealed:
        return
      super(class_w, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
      self._sealed = True
  class_w.__name__ = class_.__name__
  return class_w
@singleton
class Config(BaseClass):
  pass